Microtomic System and Process Utilizing Electrostatic Force to Handle Sample Sections

ABSTRACT

Provided is a process of using a microtomic system for the preparation of sections for microscope examination. A cutting edge in the system can cut through a sample block and produce a section one end of which remains attached to the cutting edge. A voltage generator can generate a voltage and apply the voltage between the cutting edge and a section receiver such as a semiconductor chip grid. Through electrostatic force caused by the voltage, another end of the section can anchor to the section receiver. The section is then spread on the receiver. The system is automatable, highly efficient, and does not need liquid to float sample sections, and can therefore maintain the integration of the sample sections.

This application is a divisional application of the application entitled“Microtomic System and Process Utilizing Electrostatic Force to HandleSample Sections”, filed on May 21, 2014 with application Ser. No.14/284,328. The disclosure of the above-identified application isexpressly incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a microtome that can beoperated manually, semi-automatically or automatically, and moreparticularly to a microtomic system and process utilizing electrostaticforce to collect and distribute sample sections for examination undervarious microscopes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A microtome is a device used to cut extremely thin slices, known assections in the field, from a bulk sample called sample block. To betterunderstand their structural details, these sections are typicallysubject to inspection and examination under various light microscopes(LMs) and electron microscopes (EMs). A conventional microtome canproduce sections having thicknesses in the order of one micron. Incontrast, an ultramicrotome can produce sections as thin as 5 nm.

Since thin sections may be delicate, fragile, difficult to extend fully(e.g. twist, fold, and roll up), and sticky to the cutting blade, it isvery difficult for a microtome user to handle the sections, for example,to remove them from the cutting blade, and to transfer them to a grid ormesh for further study. To solve this problem, sections haveconventionally been collected by floating them on a suitable liquid suchas water, alcohol, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Usually, the side ofthe cutting blade from which the sections will be dislodged issurrounded by a small trough or boat filled with a liquid having adensity greater than the sections. As sections are cut from a sampleblock, they float on the liquid as a result of buoyancy or surfacetension. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,225,639 to Martinelli disclosessuch a design as illustrated in FIG. 1. With reference to FIG. 1, aglass knife 3 having a cutting edge 7 is positioned within a microtome(not shown). The cutting edge 7 is formed by taking an oblong plate ofblack Cararra glass and fracturing the plate along edge 8 to form thecutting edge 7. The microtome knife 3 has affixed thereto a boat whichis represented by the wall 1 of the boat in section. A specimen holder 5in the full line position can stroke downwardly as indicated by arrow Aover the knife edge 7 of microtome knife 3. As the holder 5 is so moved,a thin section of the sample is sliced therefrom. Liquid 4 retainedbetween the boat wall 1 and the microtome knife 3 presents a liquidsurface upon which the thin sections 2 from the specimen holder 5 floatafter the sample has been sectioned. The specimen holder 5 can then movehorizontally as indicated by arrow B to the position shown in phantomlines at 6. The specimen holder 5 can be repositioned by movingvertically as indicated by arrow C. After the repositioning, the holder5 may be advanced represented by arrow D to again be in position to cutanother section.

There are at least two problems associated with the liquid floatingapproach as described above. First, some physical, chemical andbiological microstructures and properties of the sections may beadversely altered by their interaction with the support fluid, e.g. ionexchange, disintegration, and partial dissolving. Such interaction maycomplicate the examination and analysis of sample sections. Second, asection may be adhered to the cutting edge or the previous sectionforming a floating chain, so a microtome operator has to manually removethe section(s) with a fine brush, or directly pick it up onto a grid ormesh suitable for microscope viewing. As such, the user has tocontinuously operate and monitor the microtome as each section isproduced.

Therefore, microtomic processes in the prior art are not only involvingundesirable interaction between floating liquid and sample sections, butthey are also repetitive, tedious, laborious, difficult to be automatedand therefore less productive. Advantageously, the present invention cansolve at least one of the above problems by providing a microtomicsystem and process utilizing electrostatic force to collect anddistribute sample sections, and exhibits technical merits such asautomatability, improved efficiency and productivity, and sampleintegration, among others.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention provides a microtomic system for thepreparation of at least one section for microscope examination. Thesystem comprises a blade holder holding (or for holding) a blade with acutting edge, a specimen holder holding (or for holding) a sample block,a receiver holder holding (or for holding) a section receiver, and avoltage generator. In operation, the cutting edge can cut into thesample block to produce the at least one section one end of whichremains attached to the cutting edge; the voltage generator can generatea voltage and apply the voltage between the cutting edge and the sectionreceiver; and another end (free end) of the at least one section cananchor to the section receiver through electrostatic force caused by thevoltage.

Another aspect of the invention provides a process of using the abovemicrotomic system to prepare at least one section for microscopeexamination. The process comprises:

(1) setting the blade holder, the specimen holder and the receiverholder in a stand-by state in which the blade holder and the specimenholder are operatively positioned for the cutting edge to cut into thesample block making a new section, and the receiver holder isoperatively positioned for moving the section receiver to a receivingposition to receive the new section;

(2) varying the spatial relationship between the cutting edge and thesample block so that a section is cut off from the sample block, whereinthe last cut-off portion of the section is attached to the cutting edge,and constitutes the proximal end of the section relative to the cuttingedge;

(3) applying a voltage generated by the voltage generator between thesection receiver and the cutting edge so that the section is prolongedfrom the cutting edge toward the section receiver in fully extended formthrough electrostatic force;

(4) varying the spatial relationship between the section receiver andthe cutting edge before and/or during the application of the voltage sothat the section receiver is moved to the receiving position where thedistal end of the prolonged section anchors to a predetermined locationon the section receiver;

(5) removing or deceasing the voltage while the distal end of theprolonged section remains anchored to the predetermined location;

(6) varying the spatial relationship between the section receiver andthe cutting edge while the distal end of the section remains anchored tothe predetermined location and the proximal end of the section remainsattached to the cutting edge, until the entire section in fully extendedform spread over the section receiver; and

(7) varying the spatial relationship between the section receiver andthe cutting edge, to detach the proximal end of the section from thecutting edge while the entire section in fully extended form remainsspreading over the section receiver.

The above features and advantages and other features and advantages ofthe present invention are readily apparent from the following detaileddescription of the best modes for carrying out the invention when takenin connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in whichlike reference numerals refer to similar elements. For simplicity andclarity of illustration, elements shown in the Figures and discussedbelow have not necessarily been drawn to scale. Well-known structuresand devices are shown in simplified form such as block diagrams in orderto avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows a microtome in the prior art using a boat filled with waterto float sample sections;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a microtomic system according toone embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 schematically shows a design of the blade holder according to oneembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the blade holder in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 illustrates the steady-by state in a microtomic process accordingto one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 illustrates the early stage of a sectioning operation in amicrotomic process;

FIG. 7 illustrates the near-completion stage of a sectioning operationin a microtomic process according to one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 illustrates the post-completion stage of a sectioning operationin a microtomic process according to one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 9 shows a section orientation operation in a microtomic process;

FIG. 10 demonstrates a section anchoring operation in a microtomicprocess according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 exhibits a section spreading operation in a microtomic processaccording to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 illustrates a section releasing operation in a microtomicprocess;

FIG. 13 illustrates a resetting or resumption operation in a microtomicprocess according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 schematically shows a semiconductor chip grid having arrayedwindows according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 shows a cross section of the chip grid in FIG. 14 along lineA-A;

FIG. 16 schematically shows the semiconductor chip grid of FIG. 14wherein the windows are loaded with sample sections according to oneembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 17 shows a cross section of the loaded semiconductor chip grid inFIG. 14 along line A-A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present invention. It is apparent, however, to oneskilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced withoutthese specific details or with an equivalent arrangement.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an example of the microtomic system.With reference to FIG. 2, a blade holder 52 holds a blade 50 with acutting edge 51, and a specimen holder 62 holds a sample block 60. Theblade 50 can be made of any suitable material such as diamond, sapphire,glass, a metal e.g. steel, an alloy, or any combination thereof.Although FIG. 2 and other figures show that the blade 50 has a chiselshape profile, it should be appreciated that the blade's profile may beselected from planar concave, wedge shape, chisel shape, or anycombination thereof.

Referring to FIG. 2, the cutting edge 51 can cut into the sample block60 to slice a section (not shown) off the sample block 60. A receiverholder 72 holds a section receiver 70 designed to receive the section.The section, together with the section receiver 70, may be delivered toa microscope lab for examination. Although FIG. 2 and other figures showa slide microtome, it should be understood that the present inventionmay be related to other microtomes such as vibrating microtome, rotarymicrotome, disk microtome, saw microtome, or any combination thereof.

Sample block 60 may be any material suitable for microscope examination,for example it can be a semiconductor product or a biological materialsuch as a neurological tissue from an Alzheimer patient. In anembodiment, the sample block 60 is first embedded in a supportingmatrix, impregnated with a supporting material such as a hard plastic,to make sectioning easier.

The produced section may have any shape and dimension, for example, itmay have a thickness in the range of from 10 to 2000 nm, preferably from30 to 200 nm, and more preferably from 40 to 100 nm; it may have alength in the range of from 1 to 10 mm, preferably from 2 to 6 mm, andmore preferably from 2 to 4 mm; and it may have a width in the range offrom 0.2 to 1 mm, preferably from 0.3 to 0.8 mm, and more preferablyfrom 0.4 to 0.6 mm. The section may be subject to examination under anyapplicable microscope such as light microscope (LM), scanning electronmicroscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanningtransmission electron microscope (STEM). In a preferred embodiment, themicrotomic system of the invention is used as an ultramicrotome, withwhich thin sections of approximately 40 nm thick and 0.5 mm wide areprepared for electron microscope. One advantage of such thin sections isthat it allows the transmission of a sufficient flux of electronsthrough the sample to form an image in TEM examination. A section orseries of sections may be used to reveal internal structure of thesample, for example, the internal structure of brain tissue of anAlzheimer patient. In another embodiment, the present invention providesan automated ultra-microtomic system, which can produce such thinsections and lay them sequentially onto the section receiver 70 such asa semiconductor chip grid. Section receiver 70 can then be used for anultra-high speed STEM which is a powerful tool for 3D reconstruction ofthe internal structure of the sample block, particularly in the fieldsof nanotechnology, biomedical research, cancer research, virology, andclinical practice.

Referring again to FIG. 2, a voltage generator 80 is electricallyconnected to the cutting edge 51 and the section receiver 70. Voltagegenerator 80 can generate a voltage and apply the voltage between thecutting edge 51 and the section receiver 70, and therefore establish anelectrostatic field between the two. The voltage may be a DC voltage upto +10 kV or down to −10 kV, preferably up to +7 kV or down to −7 kV,and more preferably up to +5 kV or down to −5 kV. Exemplary voltagerange may be 4 kV to 6 kV or −4 kV to −6 kV. As will be described andillustrated in the following, one end of the section is still attachedto the cutting edge 51 immediately after the cutting operation, andanother end of the section can anchor to the section receiver 70 throughelectrostatic force caused by the voltage.

Although FIG. 2 shows that blade 50, sample block 60 and sectionreceiver 70 are secured to blade holder 52, specimen holder 62 andreceiver holder 72 in a fixed position. They can be attached, andpreferably, removably attached, to each other with one or moreengagement elements. The engagement elements can comprise any suitableengagement and attachment structures, including adhesive, snaps, hooks,tabs, buttons, a press fit, interference fit, snap fit, slots, grooves,screws, rivets, and the like. Sample block 60 can be attached tospecimen holder 62 or an intermediary structure (not shown in FIG. 2)using sutures, stitching, tissue adhesive (e.g., cyanoacrylate, etc.) orany suitable methods or structures known for attaching sample blockssuch as tissue samples to a plastic or other material used for tissuespecimen holder 62 or an intermediary structure.

It should be understood that blade 50, sample block 60 and sectionreceiver 70 can be secured to the holders 52, 62 and 72 in an adjustablemanner as well. For example, the cutting edge 51 may be divided into nsegments along the length of the edge, the dimension of each segmentbeing comparable to the dimension of the section to be cut off. In amicrotomic operation, the n segments can take a turn to cut the sampleblock 60, so that they will wear out substantially evenly, whichmaximizes the useful life of the blade before it is replaced orsharpened. Toward that end, the blade 50 may be adjustable and designedto move back and forth along the length of the cutting edge 51 relativeto the holder 52. Alternatively, the blade 50 may be fixed to the holder52, and they both move back and forth together relative to the sampleblock 60. For example, in an automated microtomic process to produce aplurality of sections, the n segments in the edge 51 can be used in anpredetermined sequence with or without a pattern, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 . . .n, n . . . 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . n, n . . . 4, 3, 2, 1, . . . ,so on and on and on, until the entire cutting edge 51 wears out and isnot suitable for further cutting.

A control circuit 100 may be included in the microtomic system, ifautomation, or semi-automation of the operation is desired. Controlcircuit 100 may be realized based on hardware circuitry, softwareinstruction, or any combination thereof. Referring to FIG. 2, optionalcontrol circuit 100 may be linked to, and control the actions of, bladeholder 52 (and therefore the blade 50), the specimen holder 62 (andtherefore the sample block 60), the receiver holder 72 (and thereforethe section receiver 70), and the voltage generator 80.

As will be illustrated and described in details later, a section undercutting operation may sometimes reach and bind to a surface of the bladeholder 52, for example, surface 45 adjacent to the cutting edge 51, asshown in FIG. 2. To address this problem, the microtomic system mayinclude two optional structures, an anti-binding gas source 40 and ananti-binding gas delivery component 48. Gas may be delivered in acontrolled way over surface 45 through a plurality of holes 11 onsurface 45, to prevent the section (not shown) from reaching and bindingto surface 45, particularly before the application of the voltage.Similarly, control circuit 100 may be linked to, and control the actionsof, anti-binding gas delivery component 48.

As will be illustrated and described in details later, one end of thecut-off section may be attached to the cutting edge 51, and needs to bedetached therefrom at certain point of the process. The microtomicsystem of the invention may further include two more optionalstructures, a detaching gas source 41 and a detaching gas deliverycomponent 49. A gas stream may be delivered in a controlled way at orupon the joint between the cutting edge 51 and the section (not shown),to facilitate the detaching of the section from the cutting edge 51.Similarly, control circuit 100 may be linked to, and control the actionsof, detaching gas delivery component 49. It should be appreciated that,when appropriate, the anti-binding gas source 40 and the detaching gassource 41 may be combined into one source serving both components 48 and49.

In exemplary embodiments, the blade holder 52, the specimen holder 62,the receiver holder 72, the voltage generator 80, the anti-binding gasdelivery component 48 and the detaching gas delivery component 49 mayoptionally include same or different actuating units (54, 64, 74, 84, 42and 43 respectively, as shown in FIG. 2) which are all controlled by thecontrol circuit 100. Examples of actuating unit include, but are notlimited to, an electric motor, a piezoelectric actuator, a comb drive, ahydraulic piston, a pneumatic actuator, an electroactive polymer, athermally expandable material, a bimorph, or any combination thereof.For the anti-binding gas delivery component 48 and the detaching gasdelivery component 49, they may include a flow control device such as afitting, spout, nozzle, conduit, valve, flow controller, pump, andpressure regulator.

The microtomic system as shown in FIG. 2 may adopt either an open-loopor closed-loop control framework. In an open-loop control system, nofeedback signal is present to modify or optimize the actions of the sixelements, i.e. blade holder 52, specimen holder 62, receiver holder 72,voltage generator 80, anti-binding gas delivery component 48 anddetaching gas delivery component 49. In this case, the microtomicprocessing parameters are provided as inputs to a mathematical algorithmthat adjusts the signal that controls the six elements for theirphysical capacities. Thus, the optimal conditions are determined withoutconsideration of the results from actual actions of the six elements.This is to be contrasted with the closed-loop control system, wherein afeedback signal may be used to modify or optimize the microtomicprocessing conditions or parameters in order to achieve an effectivecondition.

Optionally, the microtomic system of the invention may include one ormore sensors such as 91, 93, 95 and 97 as shown in FIG. 2. Example ofsensors may include, but are not limited to, inductive transducers,capacitive transducers, linear variable transducers, and image analyzercapable of performing a high-speed optical image analysis. Sensors maybe used to measure operation parameters such as the displacement of thecutting edge 51, gas pressure, location, and proximity etc. With thesesensors, control circuit 100 may be configured as a closed-loop circuitthat can use the measured operation parameters to adjust its controlover the blade holder 52, the specimen holder 62, the receiver holder72, the voltage generator 80, the anti-binding gas delivery component 48and the detaching gas delivery component 49. Signal controllingactuating units 54, 64, 74, 84, 42 and 43 may be a current, voltage orother signal. Measurement systems and data acquisition methods forclosed-loop control may require signal processing or conversion ofanalog or digital data signals in order to be used effectively in thefeedback loop.

FIG. 3 shows a specific design of the blade holder 52 which incorporateschannels for gasses delivered from the anti-binding gas deliverycomponent 48 and the detaching gas delivery component 49. Regarding FIG.3, the blade holder 52 has a part 10 that is adjacent to blade 50.Anti-binding gas delivery component 48 delivers gas through gas inlet 8and enters chamber A. At the bottom of chamber A there are many holes 11for blowing gas over surface 45 to prevent the section (not shown) fromreaching and binding to surface 45. Detaching gas delivery component 49delivers gas through gas inlet 9 and enters chamber B. Chamber B has ahole 13 and leads the gas into gas outlet slot 17. FIG. 4 shows a bottomview of the blade holder 52. Gas from slot 17 can blow onto the joint ofthe section and cutting edge 51 to detach the section from cutting edge51, when needed.

FIGS. 5-13 illustrate an exemplary microtomic process in a stepwisemanner. For convenience of description, a XYZ Cartesian coordinatesystem is included in FIG. 5 (and other figures, if necessary) tofacilitate the understanding of the process. The Z axis direction isdefined as the vertical (or up-down) direction, the X axis direction thehorizontal (or left-right) direction, and the Y axis direction thein-depth (toward-away from the reader) direction. In describing a movingdirection, +Y, −Y, +X, −X, +Y and −Y will be used to denote verticallygoing up, vertically going down, horizontally going left, horizontallygoing right, moving away from reader, and moving toward reader,respectively.

Although FIGS. 5-13 will show that the blade 50 moves only along thevertical direction and the sample block 14 moves only along thehorizontal direction, it should be appreciated that they can move in anydirection, as long as the intended purpose (e.g. cutting a section off)can be properly served. For example, the blade 50 may move along a firstdirection (not necessarily vertical), the sample block 14 may then movelong a second direction, wherein the first direction is perpendicular tothe second direction.

Before a new section is produced, various components in the microtomicsystem may be set in a stand-by state, as illustrated in FIG. 5. Withreference to FIG. 5, the blade holder 50 and the specimen holder 62 (notshown here) are operatively positioned for the cutting edge 51 to cutinto the sample block 14 (which is a specific example of block 60 inFIG. 2) making a new section. Take a simple example, the cutting edge 51may be simplified as a line segment from point (0, Y1, Z1) to (0, −Y1,Z1), with the middle point (0, 0, Z1) being shown in the cross-sectionalview in FIG. 5, wherein Y1 and Z1 all have positive values. It should beappreciated that in practice, the cutting edge 51 does not have to beperfectly straight, and it can be slightly curved or ragged. The frontface of the sample block 14 may be a rectangle (oblong) with fourvertices (−X1, −Y2, Z2), (−X1, Y2, Z2), (−X1, −Y2, Z3) and (−X1, Y2,Z3), wherein X1, Y2, Z2 and Z3 all have positive values, Z1>Z2>Z3, andY1≧Y2. In the cross-sectional view as shown in FIG. 5, the front face ofthe sample block 14 may be represented as a line segment from point(−X1, 0, Z2) to (−X1, 0, Z3), or simply (−X1, 0, Z2)-(−X1, 0, Z3). Onthe other hand, the receiver holder 72 (not shown) is operativelypositioned for moving the section receiver 16 (which is a specificexample of section receiver 70 in FIG. 2) to an appropriate receivingposition to receive the new section. For simplicity, we let the cuttingedge 51 move along −Z direction from (0, 0, Z1), cut through the sampleblock 14 (i.e. passed (0, 0, Z2) and (0, 0, Z3) points), and stop at theorigin (0, 0, 0). It can be readily appreciated that the new section soproduced will have a thickness of X1, a width of 2Y2, and a length of(Z2−Z3). As previously described, 10 nm≦X1≦2000 nm, preferably 30nm≦X1≦200 nm, and more preferably 40 nm≦X1≦100 nm. The surface of thesection receiver 16 in the stand-by state may be simplified as any shape(such as oblong or square) on the XY plane with Z coordinate being −Z4,wherein Z4 has a positive value typically (but does not have to be)greater than (Z2−Z3). The surface area of the section receiver 16 issufficiently big to receive and accommodate at least one section whosesize is 2Y2×(Z2−Z3).

Execution of the sectioning operation is schematically illustrated inFIG. 6, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. The spatial relationship between the cuttingedge 51 and the sample block 14 may be so varied that a section 18 iscut off from the sample block 14. During this process, the section 18that is freshly cut off from the sample block 14 may sometimes danglefreely in the space. But sometimes it may reach and bind or stick to anynearby surface, such as the surface of the blade 12, or a surface (e.g.surface 45 in FIGS. 2 and 3) of the blade holder 52. As shown in FIG. 6,FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, when the cutting edge 51 moves along −Z directionfrom (0, 0, Z1), passes (0, 0, Z2) and cuts into the sample block 14, anew section 18 is gradually produced. During this process, if section 18does not dangle freely in the space, rather it reaches and sticks to anearby surface of the blade holder 52 as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Theanti-binding gas delivery component 48 may delivery gas over the surfacethrough holes 11 via gas inlet 8. The anti-binding gas can proactivelyblow toward the approaching section 18. Alternatively, it can blowtoward section 18 that has already bond to or covered the surface asshown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Anyway, the anti-binding gas delivery component48 functions to either prevent the section 18 from reaching and binding(or sticking) to the nearby surface, or disassociate section 18 from thesurface that it has already bond to.

When the cutting edge 51 continues moving along −Z direction and passespoint (0, 0, Z3), the new section 18 is completely produced, andseparated from sample block 14. As shown in FIG. 8, the last cut-offportion of the section 18, or in other words, the rearward or trailingedge of section 18 (i.e. the end portion around original (0, 0, Z3)point) is still attached or stuck to the cutting edge 51. For clarity,this sticky end of the section 18 is defined as the proximal end of thesection 18 relative to the cutting edge 51, and the other end is definedas the distal end. At this point, the section 18 is like a flag hungvertically to a horizontal pole (i.e. the cutting edge 51), with orwithout the aid of the blowing gas from anti-binding gas deliverycomponent 48. As will be appreciated in the following description, this“sticking” action of the proximal end, being a problem in the prior art,now becomes part of the solution in the present invention.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the voltage generator 80 is electricallyconnected to the cutting edge 51 and the section receiver 70 and iscapable of establishing an electrostatic field between the two. FIG. 9shows an exemplary embodiment in fulfilling the section orientationoperation. When a voltage generated by the voltage generator 80 isapplied between the section receiver 16 and the cutting edge 51, thesection 18 is prolonged from the cutting edge 51 toward the sectionreceiver 16 due to the electrostatic force. Before, during or after theapplication of the voltage, the cutting edge 51 may move along −Zdirection and stops at the original point (0, 0, 0), stand-by forfurther operation. The section 18 is fully extended, and relatively more“rigidly” directed to the section receiver 16 than before theelectrostatic filed was established. Although the section 18 as shown ison the YZ plane (i.e. X=0), it should be understood that, depending onthe size and location of the section receiver 16 (e.g. edge effect), thesection 18 may be deviated more or less from the YZ plane, exhibiting apositional offset. In case an automated process is preferred, thisoffset may be considered into the algorithm controlling the microtomicoperation. Alternatively, an additional electrostatic field may besupplemented to eliminate the offset.

FIG. 10 illustrates the implementation of the section anchoringoperation. Before and/or during the application of the voltage betweenthe section receiver 16 and the cutting edge 51, the spatialrelationship between the two may be so varied that the section receiver16 is moved to the receiving position where the distal end of theprolonged section 18 anchors to a predetermined location on the sectionreceiver 16. For example, during the application of the voltage, thedistal end of the section 18 is located at point (0, 0, −(Z2−Z3))without any positional offset, while the cutting edge 51 remains at theoriginal point (0, 0, 0). If a predetermined location for anchoring thesection 18 is represented as L on the section receiver 16, the sectionreceiver 16 will be moved from its stand-by state to the receivingposition during which L's location changes from the stand-by positione.g. (0, 0, −Z5) to the anchoring position e.g. (0, 0−Z6), whereinZ5>Z6, and Z6 is equal to, or a little bit smaller than (Z2−Z3). Thedistal end of the prolonged section 18 then touches and anchors to L.Alternatively, L's location may change from the stand-by position (0, 0,−Z5) to the anchoring position (0, 0−Z6) before the application of thevoltage. Once the voltage is applied, the distal end of the prolongedsection 18 will immediately extend to L, and touch upon and anchor to L.It should be understood that L's stand-by position may also be (X5, Y5,−Z5) wherein X5≠0 and Y5≠0. One way or another, L may move from (X5, Y5,−Z5) to the anchoring position e.g. (0, 0−Z6). For example, L may movein the order of (X5, Y5, −Z5) to (0, Y5, −Z5) to (0, 0, −Z5) to (0, 0,−Z6); or (X5, Y5, −Z5) to (X5, 0, −Z5) to (0, 0, −Z5) to (0, 0, −Z6); or(X5, Y5, −Z5) to (X5, Y5, −Z6) to (X5, 0, −Z6) to (0, 0, −Z6), and anyother possible orders.

The voltage may be removed or decreased to a safe value as soon as thedistal end of the prolonged section 18 anchors and secures to thepredetermined location L. The timing of this voltage removal ordecreasing may be upon the completion of the anchoring operation asshown in FIG. 10, or in the early stage of the section spreadingoperation as shown in FIG. 11. It is not preferred that the distancebetween the cutting edge 51 and the section receiver 16 is too shortand/or the voltage there between is not sufficiently decreased that anelectric spark occurs between them.

FIG. 11 illustrates how the section spreading operation is carried out.The spatial relationship between the section receiver 16 and the cuttingedge 51 may be so varied that the entire section 18 in fully extendedform spread over the surface of section receiver 16, providing that thedistal end of the section 18 remains anchored to the predeterminedlocation L and the proximal end of the section 18 remains attached tothe cutting edge 51. In other words, the distance between L and thecutting edge 51 should be maintained no greater than (Z2−Z3), preferablysubstantially equal to (Z2−Z3) to prevent the section 18 from foldingup. For example, L may orbit around the cutting edge 51 with a radius of(Z2−Z3) to the left direction or to the right direction. L may also movealong X direction and −Z direction (or +Z direction) in an alternativemanner, and in sufficiently small steps. At the end, L is moved toeither ((Z2−Z3), 0, 0) or (−(Z2−Z3), 0, 0), or more strictly, either((Z2−Z3), 0, −X1) or (−(Z2−Z3), 0, −X1), wherein X1 is the thickness of,and (Z2−Z3) is the length of the section 18, as previously described.Preferably, L is moved to (−(Z2−Z3), 0, 0) or (−(Z2−Z3), 0, −X1) asshown in FIG. 11, since that position can benefit from the anti-bindinggas component 49, when needed.

To run the section releasing operation, the proximal end of the section18 may be detached from the cutting edge 51 when the entire section 18in fully extended form still spread over the section receiver 16. Withreference to FIG. 12, when L is located at (−(Z2−Z3), 0, 0), the sectionreceiver 16 may move a little bit along −X direction to break the jointbetween the cutting edge 51 and the proximal end of the section 18. Bythe same token, when L is located at ((Z2−Z3), 0, 0), the sectionreceiver may move a little bit along +X direction. As previouslydescribed, the microtomic system of the embodiment may optionallyinclude an anti-binding gas delivery component 49. When L is located at(−(Z2−Z3), 0, 0), anti-binding gas delivery component 49 may deliver agas stream at the joint between the cutting edge 51 and the proximal endof the section 18 to break the joint. Otherwise, the gas stream may“press” the proximal end in place, the section 18, together with thesection receiver 16, may move away, and therefore detach, from thecutting edge 51. With the gas stream, the section 18 may move away alongany appropriate direction, preferably along +X, −X, −Y, or any directionbetween them.

The process may further comprise a resetting or resumption operation, asshown in FIG. 13, so that the microtomic system will return to a newstand-by position as shown in FIG. 5. For example, section receiver 16can move to a point sufficiently fay away from the original point (0, 0,0), preferably making a new L to locate at the stand-by position (0, 0,−Z5), as described above. The cutting edge 51 may move from (0, 0, 0)back to standby point (0, 0, Z1). Before the cutting edge 51 moves, thefront face of the sample block 14 may preferably retreat or withdraw alittle bit along +X direction from (0, 0, Z2)-(0, 0, Z3) to (X2, 0,Z2)-(X2, 0, Z3), wherein X2 has a positive value. Because of thisretreating action, the front face of the sample block 14 will give wayto, and avoid contacting and friction against, the passing-by cuttingedge 51. When edge 51 moves from (0, 0, 0) back to standby point (0, 0,Z1), it necessarily passes (0, 0, Z3) and (0, 0, Z2). After cutting edge51 passes (0, 0, Z2), the front face of the sample block 14 may thenadvance from (X2, 0, Z2)-(X2, 0, Z3) to (−X1, 0, Z2)-(−X1, 0, Z3). Itshould be appreciated that this retreating or withdrawal action may beomitted, i.e. the front face of the sample block 14 may directly movealong −X direction from (0, 0, Z2)-(0, 0, Z3) to (−X1, 0, Z2)-(−X1, 0,Z3). Anyway, a new section with a dimension same as or similar tosection 18 is in place for another round of the microtomic process. Themicrotomic process, from the stand-by state to the resetting step asdescribed above, may be repeated to prepare multiple sections from thesame sample block. The sections in fully extended form may spread overdifferent section receivers, or they may spread over the same sectionreceiver having multiple predetermined locations for anchoring thedistal ends of the multiple sections, such as L1, L2, and L3 and so on.

The process as shown in FIGS. 5-13 may be executed manually, or it maybe automated under the control of the control circuit 100 as shown inFIG. 2. Control circuit 100 may control the blade holder 52, thespecimen holder 62, the receiver holder 72, the voltage generator 80,the anti-binding gas delivery component 48 and the detaching gasdelivery component 49 via actuating units 54, 64, 74, 84, 42 and 43. Forexample, the control circuit 100 may be configured to control the bladeholder 52, the specimen holder 62 and the receiver holder 72 to set themin a stand-by state in which the blade holder 52 and the specimen holder62 are operatively positioned for the cutting edge 51 to cut into thesample block 60 making a new section, and the receiver holder 72 isoperatively positioned for moving the section receiver 70 to a receivingposition to receive the new section.

The sectioning mechanism can also be automated according to theinvention. To that end, the control circuit 100 may be configured tocontrol the blade holder 52 and the specimen holder 62 to vary thespatial relationship between the cutting edge 51 and the sample block 60so that a section is cut off from the sample block 60, wherein the lastcut-off portion of the section is attached to the cutting edge 51, andconstitutes the proximal end of the section relative to the cutting edge51. The present invention may utilize a slide arrangement to move theblade holder 52 and the specimen holder 62; it may also utilize othersuitable arrangement, such as a pivot arrangement.

To execute other steps as elucidated in SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION,control circuit 100 may be configured to control the voltage generator80 to generate a voltage and apply the voltage between the sectionreceiver 70 and the cutting edge 51 so that the section is prolongedfrom the cutting edge 51 toward the section receiver 70 in fullyextended form through electrostatic force. It may also be configured tocontrol the blade holder 52 and the receiver holder 72 to vary thespatial relationship between the section receiver 70 and the cuttingedge 51 before and/or during the application of the voltage so that thesection receiver 70 is moved to the receiving position where the distalend of the prolonged section anchors to a predetermined location L onthe section receiver 70.

Control circuit 100 may be configured to control the voltage generator80 to remove or decrease the voltage while the distal end of theprolonged section remains anchored to the predetermined location L. Itmay be configured to control the blade holder 52 and the receiver holder72 to vary the spatial relationship between the section receiver 70 andthe cutting edge 51 while the distal end of the section remains anchoredto the predetermined location L and the proximal end of the sectionremains attached to the cutting edge 51, until the entire section infully extended form spread over the section receiver 70.

At last, control circuit 100 may be configured to control the bladeholder 52 and the receiver holder 72 to vary the spatial relationshipbetween the section receiver 70 and the cutting edge 51, to detach theproximal end of the section from the cutting edge 51 while the entiresection in fully extended form remains spreading over the sectionreceiver 70.

In various embodiments, the control circuit 100 may be configured tocontrol the execution of at least steps (1) to (7) as described in theSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION. In an embodiment, the process furthercomprises a step of delivering an anti-binding gas over a surface of theblade holder during step (2), to prevent the section which wouldotherwise reach and bind to said surface from reaching and binding tosaid surface. Accordingly, the control circuit 100 may be configured tocontrol the anti-binding gas delivery component 48 to deliver such ananti-binding gas over the surface. In an embodiment, the process furthercomprises delivering a stream of detaching gas at the joint between thecutting edge and the proximal end of the section to break the joint orto press said proximal end in place on the section receiver during step(7). Accordingly, the control circuit 100 may be configured to controlthe detaching gas delivery component 49 to deliver such a detaching gasas required in the process.

The microtomic system and process of the invention may be used toprepare two or more sections from a single sample block. A plurality ofthe sections can be spread over a single section receiver having aplurality of corresponding predetermined locations L1, L2, L3 . . . foranchoring the distal ends of the plurality of sections. Examples of thesection receiver may include, but are not limited to, a traditionalmetal mesh made of copper, molybdenum, gold, or platinum; asemiconductor chip grid comprising windows with a thickness of less than100 nm, preferably from 5 to 50 nm, and more preferably from 5 to 20 nm.

The windows in the semiconductor chip grid may be made of any material,preferably exhibiting good electron transmission property. Examples ofthe window material may be silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) having α, β or γcrystallographic phases, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), carbon, graphin,silicon carbide (SiC), boron nitride (BN), or aluminum carbide (Al₄C₃),or any combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the windows are arranged in an array pattern ofaligned rows and columns. FIG. 14 is a top view of a section receiver 16having an array (3 columns×n rows) of windows 19. Adjacent to or withineach window 19 there is a predetermined anchoring location L such as L₁,L₂, L₃, L₄, L₅, L₆, . . . L_(3n-2), L_(3n-1) and L_(3n).

FIG. 15 is a cross-section along line A-A in FIG. 14. A thin film orlayer 21 is deposited onto a substrate 20 such as a clean Si waferhaving a <100> orientation. In various embodiments, the thin film 21 isan inert material or compound (preferably having a low atomic number),and it is deposited onto a substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).Following that deposition, a window pattern (e.g. array) and windowsupport perimeter are photolithographically defined, and the substrateis differentially or anisotropically etched away with KOH, hydrazine, orethylene diamine pyrocathecol to leave the desired windows 19. Theportion of the substrate which is masked and retained forming a sturdymounting or frame 20 for the windows 19. As a part of continuous smoothsurface, windows 19 advantageously have no intervening supportingstructures. Other suitable substrate may also be used for growing theabove films, for example, polycrystalline substrate.

In various embodiments, silicon dioxide (SiO₂) film 21 can growspontaneously on silicon wafers via thermal oxidation. Well-controlledlayers of silicon dioxide may grow on silicon by reaction with water oroxygen at high temperatures (e.g. 600-1200° C.). Silicon dioxide may bedeposited in a CVD using reactants such as silane (SiH₄) and oxygen,dichlorosilane (SiCl₂H₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), ortetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS; Si(OC₂H₅)₄). For silicon nitride (Si₃N₄),two reactions may be used in CVD process: 3 SiH₄+4 NH₃→Si₃N₄+12H₂; and 3SiCl₂H₂+4 NH₃→Si₃N₄+6 HCl+6H₂. Silicon nitride films can also be formedusing plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and low pressurechemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Silicon carbide (SiC) windows may beprepared using atmospheric pressure CVD, and boron nitride (BN) windowsmay be prepared using LPCVD.

FIG. 16 is a top view of the section receiver 16 in FIG. 14, wherein thearray (3 columns×n rows) of windows 19 are all loaded, covered, spreador laid onto with sections 18. Similar to FIG. 15, FIG. 17 is across-section view along line A-A in FIG. 16 showing the positions ofsections 18 relative to windows 19, thin film or layer 21, and substrate20. Array of windows 19 may be loaded with sections 18 using techniquesthat directly address particular windows. Addressable loading may alsobe employed. In some embodiments, marking indicia or othermachine-readable graphic on section receiver 16 can be used for thepurpose of anchoring, loading, position control and alignment etc.

In a variety of exemplary embodiments, the microtomic system of thepresent invention may be manufactured as an apparatus. Control circuit100 may be integral to the housing of the apparatus, or all or part ofcontrol circuit 100 can be separate from the apparatus itself. In someembodiments, control circuit 100 can be a specialized microcontrollerdesigned specifically for controlling the microtomic apparatus.Alternatively, control circuit 100 can be a standard personal computerdevice such as an Intel processor-based PC running an off the shelfoperating system such as Windows, Linux, MacOS, or the like. In someembodiments, control circuit 100 can include direct hardware interfacesuch as a USB port, an RS232 interface, and IP network interface (wiredor wireless), or some other type of connection, to load software tocontrol the components and functions of the microtomic apparatus. Insome embodiments, control circuit 100 is integrated into the microtomicapparatus, which then interfaces with a touch-screen user interface thatenables the user to set the parameters for automated control of thedifferent components of the microtomic apparatus. In some embodiments,control circuit 100 can include software that allows the user to enterthe timing and parameters for controlling one or more components of themicrotomic apparatus. In some embodiments, the software allows the userto program the microtomic apparatus to complete a specific sectioningprocedure. In some embodiments, control circuit 100 can allow forautomated collection of “run data” including, for example, blade movingspeed, temperature, gas pressure, gas flow and volume measurements,count of sample sections, operator identity, date and time, etc.

Various parts and components of the microtomic apparatus may beassembled together at the point of manufacture. Alternatively, any ofthese parts and components can be manufactured as an accessory orreplacement part and sold independently. They can also be supplied as akit including separate parts and components, and then assembled by theuser.

Having thus described various illustrative embodiments of the presentinvention and some of its advantages and optional features, it will beapparent that such embodiments are presented by way of example only andare not by way of limitation. Those skilled in the art could readilydevise alternations and improvements on these embodiments, as well asadditional embodiments, without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention. All such modifications are within the scope of theinvention as claimed.

1. A process of using a microtomic system to prepare at least onesection for microscope examination, wherein the system comprises (i) ablade holder for holding a blade with a cutting edge, (ii) a specimenholder for holding a sample block, (iii) a receiver holder for holding asection receiver, and (iv) a voltage generator; wherein the cutting edgecan cut into the sample block to produce said at least one section oneend of which remains attached to the cutting edge; wherein the voltagegenerator can generate a voltage and apply the voltage between thecutting edge and the section receiver; and wherein another end of saidat least one section can anchor to the section receiver throughelectrostatic force caused by the voltage; the process comprising: (1)setting the blade holder, the specimen holder and the receiver holder ina stand-by state in which the blade holder and the specimen holder areoperatively positioned for the cutting edge to cut into the sample blockmaking a new section, and the receiver holder is operatively positionedfor moving the section receiver to a receiving position to receive thenew section; (2) varying the spatial relationship between the cuttingedge and the sample block so that a section is cut off from the sampleblock, wherein the last cut-off portion of the section is attached tothe cutting edge, and constitutes the proximal end of the sectionrelative to the cutting edge; (3) applying a voltage generated by thevoltage generator between the section receiver and the cutting edge sothat the section is prolonged from the cutting edge toward the sectionreceiver in fully extended form through electrostatic force; (4) varyingthe spatial relationship between the section receiver and the cuttingedge before and/or during the application of the voltage so that thesection receiver is moved to the receiving position where the distal endof the prolonged section anchors to a predetermined location on thesection receiver; (5) removing or deceasing the voltage while the distalend of the prolonged section remains anchored to the predeterminedlocation; (6) varying the spatial relationship between the sectionreceiver and the cutting edge while the distal end of the sectionremains anchored to the predetermined location and the proximal end ofthe section remains attached to the cutting edge, until the entiresection in fully extended form spread over the section receiver; and (7)varying the spatial relationship between the section receiver and thecutting edge, to detach the proximal end of the section from the cuttingedge while the entire section in fully extended form remains spreadingover the section receiver.
 2. The process according to claim 1, whereinthe microtomic system further comprises a control circuit controllingthe blade holder, the specimen holder, the receiver holder, and thevoltage generator, and wherein the control circuit is configured tocontrol the execution of steps (1) to (7).
 3. The process according toclaim 2, wherein steps (1) to (7) are repeated for the preparation oftwo or more sections, wherein said two or more sections are cut off fromthe same sample block and spread over the same section receiver, andwherein the section receiver has two or more corresponding predeterminedlocations for anchoring the distal ends of said two or more sections. 4.The process according to claim 3, wherein the microtomic system furthercomprises an anti-binding gas source and an anti-binding gas deliverycomponent, and wherein the control circuit controls said anti-bindinggas delivery component, the process further comprising: delivering ananti-binding gas over a surface of the blade holder during step (2), toprevent the section which would otherwise reach and bind to said surfacefrom reaching and binding to said surface.
 5. The process according toclaim 4, wherein the microtomic system further comprises a detaching gassource and a detaching gas delivery component, and wherein the controlcircuit controls said detaching gas delivery component, the processfurther comprising: delivering a stream of detaching gas at the jointbetween the cutting edge and the proximal end of the section to presssaid proximal end in place on the section receiver during step (7). 6.The process according to claim 1, wherein the voltage applied betweenthe section receiver and the cutting edge is up to +10 kV or down to −10kV.
 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein said sample block isselected from a semiconductor product and a biological material; whereinsaid at least one section has a thickness in the range of from 10 to2000 nm, a length in the range of from 1 to 10 mm, and a width in therange of from 0.5 to 1 mm; wherein said at least one section is subjectto examination under a microscope selected from a light microscope, ascanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscopy, and ascanning transmission electron microscope.
 8. The process according toclaim 1, wherein the blade moves only along a first direction, and thesample block moves only along a second direction, wherein the firstdirection is perpendicular to the second direction.
 9. The processaccording to claim 5, wherein each of the blade holder, the specimenholder, the receiver holder, the voltage generator, the anti-binding gasdelivery component, and the detaching gas delivery component comprisesan actuating unit controlled by the control circuit.
 10. The processaccording to claim 9, further comprising at least one sensor to measureat least one parameter, wherein the control circuit is a closed-loopcircuit than can use said at least one parameter to adjust its controlover the blade holder, the specimen holder, the receiver holder, thevoltage generator, the anti-binding gas delivery component, and/or thedetaching gas delivery component.
 11. The process according to claim 1,wherein the section receiver is selected from a semiconductor chip gridcomprising windows with a thickness of less than 100 nm; a metal mesh;and any combination thereof.
 12. The process according to claim 11,wherein the windows are made of silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), silicon dioxide(SiO₂), carbon, graphin, silicon carbide (SiC), boron nitride (BN), oraluminum carbide (Al₄C₃), or any combination thereof; wherein thewindows are arranged in an array pattern of aligned rows and columns;and wherein the mesh is made of copper, molybdenum, gold, platinum, orany combination thereof.
 13. The process according to claim 1, whereinthe blade is made of a material selected from diamond, sapphire, glass,a metal, an alloy, or any combination thereof.
 14. The process accordingto claim 1, wherein the blade's profile is selected from planar concave,wedge shape, chisel shape, or any combination thereof.
 15. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein the microtomic system is selected from aslide microtome, a vibrating microtome, a rotary microtome, a diskmicrotome, a saw microtome, or any combination thereof.